Optical concentrators are used to focus sunlight onto a smaller area where a photovoltaic cell is located in order to reduce the total area (and cost) of PV cells. Concentrators often have problems assocated with higher temperatures and the need to be moved to track the movement of the sun. This technology utilizes double sided PVs and multiple optical elements as a concentrating system to avoid the need for a moving concentrator.

This technology relates to electrical power supply systems, and provides a scalable, general-purpose, power flow calculation method and system that reduces or eliminates non-converging power system voltage stability calculation issues using an advantageous bus type. The system outperforms the conventional calculation method where the power flow solution diverges due to ill-conditioning at high levels of power transfer.